TinyOS and nesC Programming Approaches and Challenges for Networked Research Paper

TinyOS and nesC Programming Approaches and Challenges for Networked Embedded Systems - Research Paper Example These types of Networked Sensors are compact devices that could be used to movement, sense, heat, position, light, and many others. That is from real environments and communicated back information to the old-fashioned computers (Dalton et al.). There was need for assistance for each other while collecting data and handing in the results to the main collection point. Not similar to the out-dated type of computers, motes are mainly used to collect data and in managing the local environment and not the general cause of computation. Therefore, there is focus that leads to two observations. Most motes are very important in the event that is driven by the reactions to changes in the environment that involves message arrival and sensor acquisition. These occur as a result to being driven by interactive or rather the batch processing. This shows that the second event arrival and data processing are concurrent and all the activities demand the main approach to the concurrency management that tend to address the potential bugs such as race conditions. These happen because motes have very limited physical resources that occur because of the goals of small sizes, low power consumption and low cost. There is no new technology that removes these limitations that benefit the Moore’s Law that will be applied to reduce the size and cost rather than increasing the capability that the current motes are measured in square centimeters (Levis and Gay). This has a deferred computation runs to completion and with no pre-emption. It is invoked by module upcall and may pre-empt the basic tasks or many other events. Additionally, very low overhead or no threads. This also helps in data collection and control processes. Not only that but it serves the general purpose computation (Antsaklis). With that it is reactive and event-driven type of programming model. On the other hand, Soft

You Decide - Case Study Essay Example for Free

You Decide Case Study Essay HMO which stands for Health Maintenance Organizations are licensed health plans that place providers, as well as the health plans, with dealing with HMO’s there is a risk of medical expenses. The downfall with HMO is that patients must stay inside their network and if the go outside the network they will have to pay out of pocket expenses. HMO is very limited; many patients don’t like limitations when it comes to their decision about their health. PPO which stands for Preferred Provider Organizations provides patients any provider of their choosing. It is known for PPO plans for patients to take advantage of discounts if they choose inside their network. The downfall with this plan, it can be costly if the patients go out of their network. The insurance company will pay 80% of the insurance and the patient is responsible for the remaining cost 20%. If the patient wants to go out of their network then the insurance company would have to pay half the cost and the patient will be responsible for paying the remaining costs. Indemnity insurance is when a policy based upon a fee scale, such a sliding fee, with minimum limits on healthcare costs. The downfall is with this plan is the patients will get stuck with the bill which was not covered by the insurance company. Problem Identification: As reviewing Cooper-Pearson Sports Marketing Company, the company CEO, Mr. Donovan has told me that for the past two years he has lost fifteen key senior employees. Mr. Donovan states he believe one major reason he is losing his staff is because his company cannot afford to hire and train the best. He feels it is waste a time and money, especially if the companies have to hire new staff. Fearing the in the short run the new employees will not stay with company. When doing the exit interviews, he noticed majority of the interviews with past employees, they would consistently mention leaving because of the lack of adequate or affordable medical insurance. When talking with former employee Daniel he stated he the Cooper Pearson Sporting Marketing was his first job right out of college and he looked at the company as family, but as years past has more obligations and the benefits didn’t fit his needs with the pace with economics. Talking with Doulas who is potential employee, his enthusiasm for the company was incredible but unfortunately he has asthma and would have to visit his doctor on a regular basis. Douglas implied that there is limited medical insurance for his health care needs. Situation Analysis: By Organizations manage the quality of the services delivered by their network providers and facilities through a variety of means, including treatment record audits, satisfaction data, and the tracking of complaints, adverse incidents, and quality of care concerns. Increasingly, managed behavioral health care organizations are expanding their quality measurement efforts to include patient safety considerations, evidence-based guidelines, treatment outcomes data, and objective measures, such as the Health Plan Employer Data Information being in business for ten years it is still a growing company and has potential of expanding. We have looked into manage-care physician credentialing is when company is seeking health care providers, the process must be conducted in a manner that meets the goals of managed care program. There are some perks when it comes to physician that uses physician credentialing such as†¦ †¢Better payment from insurance carriers, this will not be a burdened with need to drain patients pocket †¢Serving more patients which make physicians more reliable providers if they are listed in the Preferred Physician’s Group and avoid out of pocket expenses †¢Improving quality in healthcare which includes an extensive background check to avoid fraud. Liberty to choose the fee plan, this would be the best way for a physician to choose the best fee plan that will be profitable to them, they can get fee per service or do capitation fee model based on average number of patients served per month in network †¢Access to fee schedule which will determine the maximum reimbursement limit for different services and help send billing claims accordingly †¢Positive Marketing with thorough physician credentialing plan it can provide a positive marketing benefit to net work, attract large number of members through cost-effective plans. The benefit of prescription drug program to the employer and the employee is that employees can save money by going with generic medication, mail order, and lower copayments. Pharmacy benefit is a very important component in health care benefits and when optimize can contribute to clinical, economic and quality of life outcome of benefit to payers as well as members. The importance of quality management indicator in quality management indicator in manage care programs are very essential to have basically to make sure the patient is satisfied, which is key to happy employees. Is it important to have quality assurance which makes sure records, tracking of treatment, are there are any complaints, any incidents and quality of care for the patients. Solutions: Looking over the problem and analyzing the data, I came up with few solutions that might Cooper-Pearson Sport Marketing Company, that would keep the employees he have and attractive new employees, by changing the health care plan. I think the company should have an HMO but it should be better HMO and I believe the company should also let the employees choose if they want PPO or HMO. Both Manage Care Programs have their perks and it will be benefiting not only the employee but the employer as well. If and when Cooper-Pearson Sports Marketing Company expands the company, they most definitely have to invest or least think about changing the health care insurance if they are going to keep their employees at the company and attract future employees. That is the only way to fix this issue with employees leaving because of the healthcare plan. The benefit of the employer improving the health care plan and implanting this in the plan is that employees would appreciate it and would want to stay and for the future employees would want to join the company. If the employees and future know that Cooper-Pearson Sports Marketing Company are in an affordable prescription that would help many that are on daily medication, in the long run they will be able to depend on not only the company but their health care and not have to worry about their health. When employees know that there is a sense of quality management when it comes to their health care, they know the company have the health at best interest, the employees would know that they would be satisfied.

Quantitation by Extraction

Quantitation by Extraction Syed Masood Hassan Akbari INTRODUCTION A liquid-liquid extraction phase consists of a component (a) which is to be removed from the feed phase. The addition of a second phase (b) a solvent phase which is immiscible with the feed phase but the component (a) is soluble in both the feed phase and the solvent phase. As it happens the solute (a) is transferred from the feed phase to the solvent phase. After extraction the feed and solvent phases are called the raffinate and the extract phases respectively. Usually one of the two phases is an organic phase while the other is an aqueous phase. Under equilibrium conditions the distribution of the solute (a) over the two phases is determined by the distribution law. After the extraction the two phases can be segregated because of their immiscibility. Component (a) is then separated from the extract phase by distillation and the solvent is then regenerated. Further extractions may be carried out to remove more of the component (a). Once the product of interest has been extracted finally an absorbance reading can be found at its corresponding ÃŽ »max. Figure 1: Shows the chemical structure of trimethoprim. Figure 2: Shows the chemical structure of sulfamethoxazole. This experiment consisted of three main components: The quantification of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in a suspension of Septrin. Interpreting the data gathered and using it in calculating the content of trimethoprim in Septrin. Interpreting the data gathered and using it in calculating the content of sulfamethoxazole in Septrin. EXPERIMENTAL Extraction of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from SEPTRIN. Figure 3: Illustrates a schematic of the entire extraction procedure consisting of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in SEPTRIN oral solution. Sulfamethoxazole (Standard, Sample and Blank prep) Figure 4: Illustrates sulfamethoxazole’s sample preparation. The standard was prepared in the exact manner in a 250ml volumetric flask with using 0.2g of sulfamethoxazole in 50ml 0.1M NaOH and topping up with water. The procedure to follow was the exact same as the sample prep. The blank was prepared in the same manner and water was used along with the reagents outlined above in sample prep. Trimethoprim (Sample and Blank prep) The already extracted bottom layer with chloroform was extracted again using four 50ml quantities of 1M acetic acid and the top layers were combined and washed with 5ml chloroform and the top layer added to a 250ml volumetric flask and filled with 1M acetic acid to the mark. 10ml of this solution was then added to another 100ml volumetric flask and 10ml of 1M acetic acid was also added and topped up with water. The blank was made by using 0.2M acetic acid solution. RESULTS Determining the quantity of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in an oral suspension of SEPTRIN. Table 1: Shows the absorbance values obtained at each respective Ɔºmax for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Calculations: Trimethoprim The sample had a dilution factor of 1:1000 which meant that there were two dilutions carried out where the suspension was diluted to 250ml, which is a 1:100 dilution. Secondly the sample was diluted too 100ml, which is a 1:10 dilution. These two dilutions steps combined gave a 1:1000 dilution factor. The calculations were carried out as below. 2.5ml in 250ml 1:100 (Dilution ratio) 1:10 (10ml in 100ml) Therefore 1:1000 dilution factor. Absorbance: 0.332 x 1000 = 332 A1%/1cm=204 so 1% solution has 204 absorbance 1%conc = 204 X = 332 332(1)/204 = x X= 1.627% w/v It complies with the compliance limit of (1.44-1.76)% w/v. Sulfamethoxazole 0.2g in 250ml 200mg in 250ml (1:100 dilution ratio) 0.8mg in 1ml (1:50 dilution) 0.016mg in 1ml (1:10 dilution) 0.0016mg in 1ml Sample of sulfamethoxazole absorbance = 0.075 So, 0.0016mg in 1ml = 0.293 And, x = 0.025 0.0250.0016/0.293 = x X = 0.0001365mg in 1ml 0.0001365mg in 1 ml x 50000 = 6.826mg in 1ml 6.826mg in 1ml à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   0.06826g in 1ml à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   6.826g in 100ml X = 6.826% w/v It does not comply with the compliance limit of (7.4-8.6)% w/v. Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole The concentration of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in 5ml of SEPTRIN were calculated as shown below. Trimethoprim: 1.627% à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   1.627g in 100ml So, x in 5ml 100x = 8.135g X = 0.08135g in 5ml SEPTRIN Sulfamethoxazole: 6.826% à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   6.826g in 100ml So, x in 5ml 100x = 34.13g X = 0.3413g in 5ml SEPTRIN CONCLUSION The active ingredients in SEPTRIN, trimethoprim 1.627% w/v and sulfamethoxazole 6.826% w/v were segregated by extraction. The concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in the 2.5ml suspension were calculated to be as stated above respectively. The content of trimethoprim fell within the compliance limit but for the sulfamethoxazole the content fell a bit short of the compliance limit suggesting apparatus malfunction or human error in making up sample. Trimethoprim complies with the limit set out on the BP but for sulfamethoxazole it falls under the limit stated on the BP. QUESTIONS Illustrate the extraction procedure. Support the separating funnel in a ring clamp on a ring stand. Make sure the stopcock of the funnel is closed. Place a stemmed funnel in the neck of the separating funnel. Add the liquid to be extracted, then add the extraction solvent. The total volume in the separating funnel should not be greater than 75% of the funnel volume. Insert a stopper in the neck of the separating funnel. Pick up the separating funnel with the stopper in place and the stopcock closed, and shake it once gently. Point the stem away from your face and slowly open the stopcock to release some build-up of excess pressure, reclose the stopcock and repeat this procedure until only a small amount of pressure is released with it is vented. Shake the funnel vigorously for a minute, release the pressure and then again repeat the step of shaking a few times till there is less pressure and the solutes are at equilibrium between the two solvents. Place the funnel back into the ring and let it rest undisturbed until the layers are clearly segregated. While waiting, remove the stopper and place a beaker under the separating funnel. Carefully open the stopcock and allow the lower layer to drain into the beaker. Drain just to the point that the upper liquid barely reaches the stopcock. The top layer can be left in the separating funnel if further extractions need to be carried out which do need to be carried out. When finished with the separating funnel store the stopper away from the funnel. Explain why sulfamethoxazole is soluble in the alkaline aqueous solution and trimethoprim is not? It is already known that trimethoprim is classified as a benzylpyrimidine and it protentiates the antimicrobial activity of sulphonamides eg., sulfamethoxazole. So trimethoprim has a tendency to form insoluble complexes when combined with sulfamethoxazole in alkaline aqueous media. Write out the chemical reaction which leads to the coloured product. The reaction mechanism above shows the coloured dyeing agent N-(naphthalene-1-yl)ethane-1,2-diamine reacting with the diazonium to form the coloured product. Why is ammonium sulphanate added? What would happen if it was forgotten? AMS is used as a reagent to speed up the chemical reaction if it is not included in the reaction before adding the dying agent then the process will either delay in reaching to its completion or not reach it at all. After extraction of sulfamethoxazole, how is the organic solvent processed? The organic solvent was extracted in four 50ml quantities of 1 M acetic acid. The upper layers were all combined and kept and washed with 5ml of chloroform. The top layer was then dispensed into a 250ml volumetric flask and topped up with 1 M acetic acid. 10ml of this solution was transferred to a 100ml volumetric flask, 10ml of 1 M acetic acid was also added and the flask was topped up with water. A blank was made and the sample from the organic layer was read at 271nm.

Free Essays - Consequences of Passion in Othello :: Othello essays

Consequences of Passion in Othello Being too passionate about something or someone, can sometimes over ride one's good judgement. Too much passion can bring about ever-lasting consequences and regrets. When put into a tense, specific situation, you usually wont make wise choices. You wont stop and think, "what is going on" or "what is the right thing to do" but instead, we let our emotions take over. For instance, in the play Othello, Othello is passionately in love with his wife and when he hears a disturbing rumor about her, instead of thinking over what he heard or if it is true, he let his jealousy take over his actions. In Othello, Iago, Othello's dear truthful friend, wants to ruin Othello's life by "plaguing" his mind of depressing thoughts. He plans to tell Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with his ex-lieutenant, Cassio. "At least jealousy so strong that judgment cannot cure." (p. 79, Iago) Othello being passionately in love with Desdemona begins to believe the rumors he is told, and it breaks his heart. He is not only envious that his beloved wife would cheat on him with Cassio but that idea of her not loving him, troubled him the most. "By heaven, thou echo'st me/ As if there were some monster in thy thought/ too hideous to be shown." ( W.S, 3.3; 121) Othello's emotions begin to grow from jealously to anger. He has never been heart broken before and now all his emotions of melancholy is running through his mind. "How shall I murder him, Iago?" (p. 171, 4.1) Already Othello had sunken in everything Iago had said. Not thinking straight and letting his emotions ru n untamed, he can only think of death as a way to resolve everything. He soon pays for his jealousy rage by taking both his wife and his own life. In addition, from the play, Iago seems to let his infatuation over seek his reasoning as well. Iago is one of Othello's respectable friends. When Othello, the General, had to pick a lieutenant, he chose Cassio. Iago was furious at Othello's decision. He wanted to be lieutenant with his dear Othello, but when hearing that he chose Cassio, Iago breaks out like a beast expressing all his fury and resentment.

Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation

M. S. 226 Syed Faridi 701 3/16/13 Constitution Vs. The Articles of Confederation were the first governing policy for the United States of America and were in place from 1781-1789. However it is governing power was extremely limited. There were many differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. At the end of the American Revolution the free states needed some sort of control that would generate to a unified country. Issues arose such as: How should power be divided between local and national governments? How should laws be made, and by whom?Who should be authorized to govern those laws? How could the government be designed to protect the unalienable individual rights? Their first attempt at solving this issue was the Articles of Confederation, which was a failure for the most part, but not completely. After the failure of the articles, the state delegates tried to revise the articles, but instead, constructed the Constitution. There were so many changes made and very little remained the same. The states attempted to limit the power of the national government because they feared that it would become a monarchy.In an effort to limit the power of the national government, Congress created one without enough power to govern effectively, which led to serious national and international problems. One of the main weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation was its incapability to regulate trade and levy taxes. The states controlled all of their â€Å"cash flows. † Sometimes, the states were in debt because of tariff wars that they would engage in with one another. Because of these debts, the states refused to give the national government the money it needed.Hence, the government could not pay off the debts it had gained during the revolution, including paying soldiers who had fought in the war and citizens who had provided supplies to the cause. Congress could not pass needed measures because they lacked the nine-state majority require d to become laws and couldn’t amend articles because unanimous consent of the all states was required. The states largely ignored Congress, which was powerless to enforce cooperation, and it was therefore unable to carry out its duties.The national government could not force the states to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 ending the American Revolution. Foreign countries saw lack of unity in states. Because of the lack of income the national government collected, the new nation was unable to defend its borders from British and Spanish abuse because it could not pay for an army when the states would not contribute the necessary funds. The country would not get rich as a whole because states controlled all interstate commerce.States coined their own money and regulated its supply, so values of currency varied from state to state. In conclusion, In 1781 American colonists took hold to the Articles of Confederation, their first outline of democracy. The Articles set up a good base for government, but it was soon realized that it needed a lot of work. In Philadelphia a group of the most well educated and experienced men of America met to revise the Articles of Confederation. The result of this meeting was not a revised Articles of Confederation, but a new document that outlined the government we have today. This was the Constitution.

How Roy Hobbs Personal Flaws Lead to his Becoming an Anti-he essays

How Roy Hobbs Personal Flaws Lead to his Becoming an Anti-he essays How Roys Personal Flaws Lead to His Becoming an Anti-hero In his novel The Natural, Bernard Malamud presents a paradox of a character in Roy Hobbs. Roy is the perfectly talented athlete who, despite his good intentions, fails to live up to the worlds expectations of him. For all of his physical tools, Roy cannot overcome his personal flaws. The question for Roy then is this, is he an anti-hero because of 1) he is caught in a no-win situation or 2) does he have too many flaws to overcome? Throughout the book it becomes more apparent that it is due to the latter. It also becomes more apparent what these flaws are: lack of maturity outside of baseball, lack of a work ethic, and poor decision making. But I dont understand why you should make so much of that. Are your values so-? (Malamud 150) Iris Lemon asks Roy this by the lake after they have just met in person. Roys answer to this question is the same throughout the book. Whenever he is asked what his goals in life are, Roys answer is always to either be the best there was or to break as many records as possible. For Roy there is no life outside of baseball. His lack of maturity off the playing field is in stark contrast with his physical maturity on it. One thing Roy has no maturity with is women. He fails to read between the line in his relationship with Memo. He is oblivious to the fact that she has never had any true feelings for him until she spells it our to him. You filthy scum, I hate your guts and always have since the day you killed Bump.( Malamud 230) Another woman Roy has trouble with is Iris Lemon. Iris is the only woman in the book who treats Roy with any respect. Her beauty and affection attract Roy, but her maturity drives her away. Only when he learns that Iris is a grandmother does his attraction fade. Roy is scared that beginning a relationship with Iris would force him to mature. He thought, I never ...